Stem Pual

Висновок

The Pual stem is the passive form of the Piel, and it generally expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem.

Визначення

The Pual stem is the passive form of the Piel formation in Biblical Hebrew. The Pual stem is usually indicated by a daghesh in the middle consonsant of the Verb and a qibbuts vowel under the first consonant. Generally speaking, the Pual stem expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem. Scholars sometimes disagree whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the Pual, the Hophal, or the Qal Passive stems. In English, passive action is expressed using the helping verb «to be.» In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Pual form of the verb itself without any helping verbs.

Примітка

It is recommended to always check a dictionary or lexicon for the meaning of a specific verb, because this stem may express many different kinds of action in different contexts.

Форма

Paradigm

Pual Perfect Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина третя особа	קֻטַּל	quttal	he was slaughtered
жіночий однина третя особа	קֻטְּלָה	quttelah	she was slaughtered
чоловічий однина друга особа	קֻטַּלְתָּ	quttalta	you were slaughtered
жіночий однина друга особа	קֻטַּלְתְּ	quttalt	you were slaughtered
common однина перша особа	קֻטַּלְתִּי	quttalti	I was slaughtered
common множина третя особа	קֻטְּלוּ	quttelu	they were slaughtered
чоловічий множина друга особа	קֻטַּלְתֶּם	quttaltem	you were slaughtered
жіночий множина друга особа	קֻטַּלְתֶּן	quttalten	you were slaughtered
common множина перша особа	קֻטַּלְנוּ	quttalnu	we were slaughtered

Pual Imperfect Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина третя особа	יְקֻטַּל	yequttal	he will be slaughtered
жіночий однина третя особа	תְּקֻטַּל	tequttal	she will be slaughtered
чоловічий однина друга особа	תְּקֻטַּל	tequttal	you will be slaughtered
жіночий однина друга особа	תְּקֻטְּלִי	tequtteli	you will be slaughtered
common однина перша особа	אֲקֻטַּל	„aquttal	I will be slaughtered
чоловічий множина третя особа	יְקֻטְּלוּ	yequttelu	they will be slaughtered
жіночий множина третя особа	תְּקֻטַּלְנָה	tequttalnah	they will be slaughtered
чоловічий множина друга особа	תְּקֻטְּלוּ	tequttelu	you will be slaughtered
жіночий множина друга особа	תְּקֻטַּלְנָה	tequttalnah	you will be slaughtered
common множина перша особа	נְקֻטַּל	nequttal	we will be slaughtered

Pual Sequential Perfect Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина третя особа	וְקֻטַּל	wequttal	(and) he will be slaughtered
жіночий однина третя особа	וְקֻטְּלָה	wequttelah	(and) she will be slaughtered
чоловічий однина друга особа	וְקֻטַּלְתָּ	wequttalta	(and) you will be slaughtered
жіночий однина друга особа	וְקֻטַּלְתְּ	wequttalt	(and) you will be slaughtered
common однина перша особа	וְקֻטַּלְתִּי	wequttalti	(and) I will be slaughtered
common множина третя особа	וְקֻטְּלוּ	wequttelu	(and) they will be slaughtered
чоловічий множина друга особа	וְקֻטַּלְתֶּם	wequttaltem	(and) you will be slaughtered
жіночий множина друга особа	וְקֻטַּלְתֶּן	wequttalten	(and) you will be slaughtered
common множина перша особа	וְקֻטַּלְנוּ	wequttalnu	(and) we will be slaughtered

Pual Sequential Imperfect Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина третя особа	וַיְּקֻטַּל	wayyequttal	(and) he was slaughtered
жіночий однина третя особа	וַתְּקֻטַּל	wattequttal	(and) she was slaughtered
чоловічий однина друга особа	וַתְּקֻטַּל	wattequttal	(and) you were slaughtered
жіночий однина друга особа	וַתְּקֻטְּלִי	wattequtteli	(and) you were slaughtered
common однина перша особа	וָאֲקֻטַּל	wa’aquttal	(and) I was slaughtered
чоловічий множина третя особа	וַיְּקֻטְּלוּ	wayyequttelu	(and) they were slaughtered
жіночий множина третя особа	וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה	wattequttalnah	(and) they were slaughtered
чоловічий множина друга особа	וַתְּקֻטְּלוּ	wattequttelu	(and) you were slaughtered
жіночий множина друга особа	וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה	wattequttalnah	(and) you were slaughtered
common множина перша особа	וַנְּקֻטַּל	wannequttal	(and) we were slaughtered

Pual Infinitive Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
Infinitive Absolute	קֻטֹּל	quttol	be slaughtered

The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative are not found in the Pual stem in Biblical Hebrew.

Pual Participle (passive voice) Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина	מְקֻטַּל	mequttal	being slaughtered
жіночий однина	מְקֻטֶּלֶת	mequtteleth	being slaughtered
чоловічий множина	מְקֻטְּלִים	mequttelim	being slaughtered
жіночий множина	מְקֻטְּלוֹת	mequtteloth	being slaughtered

Функція

The Pual stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:

Expresses the passive voice of the Piel stem

For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Pual stems in Biblical Hebrew, the Pual stem expresses the same kind of action as the Piel stem (simple, intensive, resultative, causative, etc.) but in passive voice. A good example is the verb בָּקַע. In the Qal stem, the verb בָּקַע means «to cut open» or «to break open» (simple action, active voice). But in the Piel stem, the verb בָּקַע means «to rip open» (intensive action, active voice). Thus, in the Pual stem, the verb בָּקַע means «to be ripped open» (intensive action, passive voice).

Pual stem of בָּקַע, meaning «to be ripped open»; in Piel stem, means «to rip open», for example:

Приклад: JOS 9:4

וַיִּקְח֞וּ … וְנֹאד֥וֹת יַ֙יִן֙ בָּלִ֔ים וּמְבֻקָּעִ֖ים וּמְצֹרָרִֽים

wayyiqhu … wenodoth yayin balim umevuqqa’im umetsorarim

and-they-took … and-skins-of wine worn-out and-ripped-open and-repaired

They also took old wine skins that were worn, torn, and had been repaired.

Pual stem of אָסַף, meaning «to be gathered»; in Piel stem, means «to gather», for example:

Приклад: EZK 38:12

וְאֶל־עַם֙ מְאֻסָּ֣ף מִגּוֹיִ֔ם

we’el-„am me’ussaf miggoyim

and-to_people being-gathered from-nations

and against the people gathered from the nations

Expresses simple action in passive voice

Some verbs use the Pual stem to express simple action in passive voice (rather than the Niphal stem). This can be true even if the verb also appears in the Piel stem in Biblical Hebrew; in such cases, the Pual form does NOT function as a passive of the Piel stem. A good example is the verb יָלַד. In the Qal stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the simple action «to give birth». In the Piel stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the causative action «to cause to give birth» (meaning, to serve as a midwife). But in the Pual stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the simple passive «to be born» (that is, the passive of the Qal stem rather the Piel stem).

The Pual stem of יָלַד («to give birth») means «to be born» in the Piel, for example:

Приклад: GEN 4:26

וּלְשֵׁ֤ת גַּם־הוּא֙ יֻלַּד־בֵּ֔ן

ulesheth gam-hu“ yullad-ben

and-to-Seth even_him was-born_son

A son was born to Seth

Expresses various kinds of passive or stative action

Sometimes the Pual form is used with specific verbs or in specific contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these rare instances of the Pual stem.

For example, in the Pual stem, the verb אָכַל («to eat») means «to be consumed» by fire ֹor sword:

Приклад: EXO 3:2

וְהִנֵּ֤ה הַסְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּאֵ֔שׁ וְהַסְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ אֻכָּֽל

wehinneh hasseneh bo’er ba’esh wehasseneh „enennu „ukkal

and-behold the-bush was-burning in-the-fire and-the-bush was-not being-consumed

and behold, the bush was burning, but the bush was not burned up

The Pual form of the verb שָׁלַשׁ means «to be three (years old)» or «to have three parts»:

Приклад: GEN 15:9

קְחָ֥ה לִי֙ עֶגְלָ֣ה **מְשֻׁלֶּ֔שֶׁת וְעֵ֥ז **מְשֻׁלֶּ֖שֶׁת וְאַ֣יִל מְשֻׁלָּ֑שׁ

qehah liy „eglah meshullesheth we’ez meshullesheth we’ayil meshullash

Take to-me heifer being-three and-female-goat being-three and-ram being-three

Bring me a heifer three years old, a female goat three years old, a ram three years old

The Pual passive participle of יָדַע («to know») means an acquaintance (that is, «one who is known»):

Приклад: PSA 88:18 (PSA 88:19 in Hebrew)

מְֽיֻדָּעַ֥י מַחְשָֽׁךְ

meyudda’ay mahshakh

one-who-is-known-to-me darkness

My only acquaintance is the darkness