Infinitive Construct

Висновок

The infinitive construct is a non-finite verbal form that usually functions as a verbal complement, providing extra information regarding the purpose, result, or temporal frame of the verbal action of the main verb. In rare cases, the infinitive construct functions independently as a noun.

Визначення

The infinitive construct generally functions as a verbal complement to a finite verb, but in rare cases it also functions independently as a noun. The infinitive construct is described as being in the construct state because it can occur in various constructions with prepositions, suffixes, and other nouns in a construct chain. The infinitive construct generally has only one form in each stem formation (Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.), and it does not conjugate according to person, gender, or number as do the finite verb forms.

Форма

Infinitive Construct Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
Qal	קְטֹל	qetol	kill
Niphal	הִקָּטֵל	hiqqatel	be killed
Hiphil	הַקְטִיל	haqtil	cause to kill
Piel	קַטֵּל	qattel	slaughter
Hithpael	הִתְקַטֵּל	hitqattel	kill oneself

The infinitive construct is not found in the Hophal or Pual stems in Biblical Hebrew.

Функція

The infinitive construct can carry the following range of meanings.

Expresses purpose, result, or complementary action of a main verb (with preposition לְ)

This is by far the most common use of the infinitive construct, as a standard grammatical infinitive.

Примітка

The infinitive construct can also be used with other prepositions to complement the main verb (such as the preposition עַל in the example below).

In the following example, the infinitive construct is expressing purpose for the action of the main verb.

Приклад: GEN 11:5

וַיֵּ֣רֶד יְהוָ֔ה לִרְאֹ֥ת אֶת־הָעִ֖יר וְאֶת־הַמִּגְדָּ֑ל

wayyered yehwah lir’oth „eth-ha’ir we’eth-hammigdal

and-he-came-down Йагве to-see [dir.obj]_the-city and-[dir.obj]_the-tower

So Йагве came down to see the city and the tower

In the following example, the infinitive construct is expressing the result of the action of the main verb.

Приклад: EXO 3:4

וַיַּ֥רְא יְהוָ֖ה כִּ֣י סָ֣ר לִרְא֑וֹת

wayyar yehwah ki sar lir’oth

and-he-saw Йагве that he-had-turned-aside to-see

When Йагве saw that he had turned aside to look

In the following example, the infinitive construct is expressing the complementary action of the main verb.

Приклад: EXO 3:8

וָאֵרֵ֞ד לְהַצִּיל֣וֹ׀ מִיַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם וּֽלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ֮ מִן־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַהִוא֒

wa’ered lehatsilo miyyad mitsrayim uleha’alotho min-ha’arets hahiw“

and-I-have-come-down to-deliver-them from-hand-of Egypt and-to-bring-them-up from-the-land the-that

I have come down to free them from the Egyptians“ power and to bring them up from that land

In the following example, the infinitive construct is expressing complementary action, but with a more nuanced meaning.

Приклад: 1SA 14:33

הִנֵּ֥ה הָעָ֛ם חֹטִ֥אים לַֽיהוָ֖ה לֶאֱכֹ֣ל עַל־הַדָּ֑ם

hinneh ha’am hotiym layhwah le’ekhol „al-haddam

behold the-people are-sinning to-Йагве to-eat on_the-blood

Look, the people are sinning against Йагве by eating with the blood.

In the following example, the infinitive construct with preposition עַל to express purpose for the action of the main verb.

Приклад: AMO 1:11

לֹ֣א אֲשִׁיבֶ֑נּוּ עַל־רָדְפ֨וֹ בַחֶ֤רֶב אָחִיו֙

lo „ashivennu „al-rodfo vaherev „ahiw

not I-will-revoke-it on_his-pursuing with-the-sword his-brother

I will not turn away punishment, because he pursued his brother with the sword

Provides temporal reference for the action of the main verb (with various prepositions)

The infinitive construct can be used with other prepositions (besides those included below) to provide temporal reference. In those cases, the context and the meaning of the preposition generally make clear the specific temporal nuance being indicated.

Infinitive construct with preposition בְּ to express simultaneous action:

Приклад: 1SA 2:27

הֲנִגְלֹ֤ה נִגְלֵ֙יתִי֙ אֶל־בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֔יךָ בִּֽהְיוֹתָ֥ם בְּמִצְרַ֖יִם

hanigloh niglethiy „el-beth „avikha biheyotham bemitsrayim

[quest.]-indeed I-revealed-myself to_house-of your-father while-they-were in-Egypt

Did I not reveal myself to the house of your ancestor, when they were in Egypt?

Infinitive construct with preposition כְּ to express commencing action:

Приклад: GEN 12:14

וַיְהִ֕י כְּב֥וֹא אַבְרָ֖ם מִצְרָ֑יְמָה

wayhi kevo „avram mitsraymah

and-it-happened as-coming Abram to-Egypt

It came about that when Abram entered into Egypt

Infinitive construct with preposition עַד to express durative action (until a

specified time of ending):

Приклад: JDG 6:18

וַיֹּאמַ֕ר אָנֹכִ֥י אֵשֵׁ֖ב עַ֥ד שׁוּבֶֽךָ

wayyomar „anokhi „eshev „ad shuvekha

and-he-said myself I-will-remain until you-return

Йагве said, «I will wait until you return»

Functions as a noun

The infinitive construct sometimes functions as an independent noun.

Приклад: 1SA 15:22

שְׁמֹ֙עַ֙ מִזֶּ֣בַח ט֔וֹב

shemo’a mizzevah tov

obeying from-sacrifice good

Obedience is better than sacrifice

The infinitive construct may also introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun.

Приклад: GEN 2:17

כִּ֗י בְּי֛וֹם אֲכָלְךָ֥ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ מ֥וֹת תָּמֽוּת

ki beyom „akholkha mimmennu moth tamuth

for in-day-of your-eating from-it dying you-will-die

for on the day that you eat from it, you will surely die

Introduces direct speech (אמר + לְ)

The infinitive construct of אמר with preposition לְ is used to introduce direct speech.

Приклад: GEN 1:22

וַיְבָ֧רֶךְ אֹתָ֛ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֵאמֹ֑ר

wayvarekh „otham „elohim lemor

and-he-blessed [dir.obj]-them God to-say

God blessed them, saying

Regarding use with a pronominal suffix

When the infinitive construct takes a pronominal suffix, that suffix can be either the subject or the object of the infinitive itself (not the main verb), as determined by the context.

The following example is an infinitive construct with suffix as subject of the action.

JER 2:17

הֲלוֹא־זֹ֖את תַּעֲשֶׂה־לָּ֑ךְ עָזְבֵךְ֙ אֶת־יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהַ֔יִךְ

halo-zoth ta’aseh-llakh „ozvekh „eth-yehwah „elohayikh

[quest.]-not_this you-have-done_to-yourself your-forsaking [dir.obj]_Йагве your-God

Did you not do this to yourselves when you abandoned Йагве your God?

The following example is an infinitive construct with suffix as object of the action.

Приклад: RUT 1:16

וַתֹּ֤אמֶר רוּת֙ אַל־תִּפְגְּעִי־בִ֔י לְעָזְבֵ֖ךְ

wattomer ruth „al-tifge’i-vi le’ozvekh

and-she-said Ruth not_you-press_on-me to-forsake-you

But Ruth said, «Do not make me go away from you