Stem Hophal¶
Висновок¶
The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Hiphil, and it generally expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem.
Визначення¶
The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Hiphil stem formation in Biblical Hebrew. The Hophal stem is usually indicated by either a הָ or הֻ prefix to the Verb. (The ה changes in the participle and Imperfect forms.) The Hophal stem usually expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem. Scholars sometimes disagree whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the Hophal, the Pual or even the Qal Passive stem. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb «to be.» In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Hophal form of the verb itself without any helping verbs.
Примітка
It is recommended to always check a dictionary or lexicon for the meaning of a specific verb, because this stem may express many different kinds of action in different contexts.
Форма¶
Paradigm¶
Примітка
every form in the Hophal can have either a qamets hatuf or a qibbuts under the first letter (so הָ or הֻ). Here the qamets hatuf is used throughout.
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
чоловічий однина третя особа |
הָקְטַל |
hoqtal |
he was caused to kill |
жіночий однина третя особа |
הָקְטְלָה |
hoqtelah |
she was caused to kill |
чоловічий однина друга особа |
הָקְטַלְתָּ |
hoqtalta |
you were caused to kill |
жіночий однина друга особа |
הָקְטַלְתְּ |
hoqtalt |
you were caused to kill |
common однина перша особа |
הָקְטַלְתִּי |
hoqtalti |
I was caused to kill |
common множина третя особа |
הָקְטְלוּ |
hoqtelu |
they were caused to kill |
чоловічий множина друга особа |
הָקְטַלְתֶּם |
hoqtaltem |
you were caused to kill |
жіночий множина друга особа |
הָקְטַלְתֶּן |
hoqtalten |
you were caused to kill |
common множина перша особа |
הָקְטַלְנוּ |
hoqtalnu |
we were caused to kill |
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
чоловічий однина третя особа |
יָקְטַל |
yoqtal |
he will be caused to kill |
жіночий однина третя особа |
תָּקְטַל |
toqtal |
she will be caused to kill |
чоловічий однина друга особа |
תָּקְטַל |
toqtal |
you will be caused to kill |
жіночий однина друга особа |
תָּקְטְלִי |
toqteli |
you will be caused to kill |
common однина перша особа |
אָקְטַל |
„oqtal |
I will be caused to kill |
чоловічий множина третя особа |
יָקְטְלוּ |
yoqtelu |
they will be caused to kill |
жіночий множина третя особа |
תָּקְטַלְנָה |
toqtalnah |
they will be caused to kill |
чоловічий множина друга особа |
תָּקְטְלוּ |
toqtelu |
you will be caused to kill |
жіночий множина друга особа |
תָּקְטַלְנָה |
toqtalnah |
you will be caused to kill |
common множина перша особа |
נָקְטַל |
noqtal |
we will be caused to kill |
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
чоловічий однина третя особа |
וְהָקְטַל |
wehoqtal |
(and) he will be caused to kill |
жіночий однина третя особа |
וְהָקְטְלָה |
wehoqtelah |
(and) she will be caused to kill |
чоловічий однина друга особа |
וְהָקְטַלְתָּ |
wehoqtalta |
(and) you will be caused to kill |
жіночий однина друга особа |
וְהָקְטַלְתְּ |
wehoqtalt |
(and) you will be caused to kill |
common однина перша особа |
וְהָקְטַלְתִּי |
wehoqtalti |
(and) I will be caused to kill |
common множина третя особа |
וְהָקְטְלוּ |
wehoqtelu |
(and) they will be caused to kill |
чоловічий множина друга особа |
וְהָקְטַלְתֶּם |
wehoqtaltem |
(and) you will be caused to kill |
жіночий множина друга особа |
וְהָקְטַלְתֶּן |
wehoqtalten |
(and) you will be caused to kill |
common множина перша особа |
וְהָקְטַלְנוּ |
wehoqtalnu |
(and) we will be caused to kill |
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
чоловічий однина третя особа |
וַיָּקְטַל |
wayyoqtal |
(and) he was caused to kill |
жіночий однина третя особа |
וַתָּקְטַל |
wattoqtal |
(and) whe was caused to kill |
чоловічий однина друга особа |
וַתָּקְטַל |
wattoqtal |
(and) you were caused to kill |
жіночий однина друга особа |
וַתָּקְטְלִי |
wattoqteli |
(and) you were caused to kill |
common однина перша особа |
וָאָקְטַל |
wa’oqtal |
(and) I was caused to kill |
чоловічий множина третя особа |
וַיָּקְטְלוּ |
wayyoqtelu |
(and) they were caused to kill |
жіночий множина третя особа |
וַתָּקְטַלְנָה |
wattoqtalnah |
(and) they were caused to kill |
чоловічий множина друга особа |
וַתָּקְטְלוּ |
wattoqtelu |
(and) you were caused to kill |
жіночий множина друга особа |
וַתָּקְטַלְנָה |
wattoqtalnah |
(and) you were caused to kill |
common множина перша особа |
וַנָּקְטַל |
wannoqtal |
(and) we were caused to kill |
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive Absolute |
הָקְטֵל |
hoqtel |
causing to be killed |
The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative are not found in the Hophal stem in Biblical Hebrew.
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
чоловічий однина |
מָקְטָל |
moqtal |
being caused to kill |
жіночий однина |
מָקְטֶלֶת |
moqteleth |
being caused to kill |
чоловічий множина |
טָמָקְלִים |
tomaqlim |
being caused to kill |
жіночий множина |
מָקְטָלוֹת |
moqtaloth |
being caused to kill |
Функція¶
The Hophal stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
Expresses the passive voice of the Hiphil stem¶
For most verbs that appear in Hiphil stem in Biblical Hebrew, the Hophal stem expresses the same kind of simple or causative action as the Hiphil stem, but in passive voice. A good example is the verb בּוֹא. In the Qal stem, the verb בּוֹא means «to come» or «to go» (:ref:simple<stem-action-simple>` action, active voice). But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא means «to bring» (causative action, active voice). Thus, in the Hophal stem, the verb בּוֹא means «to be brought» (causative action, passive voice).
The Hophal stem of בּוֹא, meaning «to be brought»; in the Hiphil stem, means «to bring», for example:
קַח־נָ֤א אֶת־בִּרְכָתִי֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הֻבָ֣את לָ֔ךְ |
qah-na „eth-birkhathiy „asher huvath lakh |
Take_please [dir.obj]_my-blessing that it-was-brought to-you |
Please accept my gift that was brought to you |
The Hophal stem of נָגַד, meaning «to be declared»; in the Hiphil stem, means «to declare», for example:
וַיֻּגַּ֥ד לְאַבְרָהָ֖ם |
wayyuggad le’avraham |
and-it-was-reported to Abraham |
Abraham was told |
Expresses simple action in passive voice¶
Some verbs use the Hophal stem to express simple passive action. (This can be true even if the verb also appears in the Hiphil stem in Biblical Hebrew; in such cases, the Hophal form does NOT function strictly as a passive of the Hiphil stem.) A good example is the verb יָצַק. In the Qal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple action «to pour» or «to pour out». In the Hiphil stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the same simple action «to pour». In the Hophal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple passive «to be poured» (that is, the passive of both the Qal stem and the Hiphil stem). For some verbs, the Hophal and/or Pual forms can both function as a passive of the Qal stem. In all these cases, a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
ה֣וּצַק חֵ֭ן בְּשְׂפְתוֹתֶ֑יךָ |
hutsaq hen besfethotheykha |
it-is-poured-out grace by-your-lips |
grace is poured onto your lips |
Expresses various kinds of passive or stative action¶
Sometimes the Hophal form is used with specific verbs or in specific contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
For example, the Hophal stem of the verb יָלַד («to give birth») refers to someone’s birthday:
וַיְהִ֣י׀ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֗י י֚וֹם הֻלֶּ֣דֶת אֶת־פַּרְעֹ֔ה |
wayhi bayyom hashelishi yom hulledeth „eth-par’oh |
|
It came about on the third day that it was Pharaoh’s birthday. |
The Hophal stem of the verb יָסַד («to found, establish») refers to the foundation of a building:
וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙ הוּסַ֣ד שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה לִבְנ֖וֹת אֶת־בֵּ֣ית הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים |
we’elleh husad shelomoh livnoth „eth-beth ha’elohim |
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