Particle Interrogative¶
Висновок¶
Interrogative particles indicate that a sentence is a question. The standard interrogative prefix -הֲ (he with hateph pathah vowel) should not be confused with the definite article -הַ (he with pathah vowel). The interrogative particles מִי and מָה can also function as interrogative pronouns («who?» and «what?») or indefinite pronouns («whoever» and «whatever»).
Визначення¶
The interrogative prefix -הֲ is the standard interrogative particle in Biblie Hebrew and can be differentiated from the definite article by the context and the lack of a daghesh in the consonant immediately following the prefix. The interrogative prefix, as well as interrogative particles in general, nearly always appear at the beginning of a clause to indicate that the clause is a question and not a statement. However, as in many languages, in Biblical Hebrew a question can be asked rhetorically as a way of making a strong statement. As an example, a person might ask «How can that be?» as a way of expressing a strong sense of disbelief in something that has just been said.
-הֲ¶
Форма¶
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
noun |
סוּס |
sus |
horse |
noun + definite article |
הַסּוּס |
hassus |
the horse |
noun + interrogative particle |
הֲסוּס |
hasus |
a horse? |
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
noun |
מְרַגֵּל |
meraggel |
spy |
noun + definite article |
הַמְּרַגֵּל |
hammeraggel |
the spy |
noun + interrogative particle |
הַמְרַגֵּל |
hamraggel |
a spy? |
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
noun |
אִישׁ |
„ish |
man |
noun + definite article |
הָאִישׁ |
ha’ish |
the man |
noun + interrogative particle |
הַאִישׁ |
ha’ish |
a man? |
Синтаксичний аналіз |
Іврит |
Транслітерація |
Переклад |
|---|---|---|---|
noun |
אָב |
„av |
father |
noun + definite article |
הָאָב |
ha’av |
the father |
noun + interrogative particle |
הֶאָב |
he’av |
a father? |
Examples¶
הֲיֵ֣שׁ לָכֶ֣ם אָ֔ח |
hayesh lakhem „ah |
[quest.]-is-there to-you brother |
Do you have a brother? |
הַאַתָּ֥ה יוֹאָ֖ב |
ha’attah yo’av |
[quest.]-are-you Joab |
Are you Joab? |
מִי¶
This is the standard personal interrogative particle and can be translated as «who?». This particle can also function either as an interrogative pronoun when used at the beginning of a verbal clause, or as an indefinite pronoun («whoever») when used in the middle of a clause or sentence.
מִֽי־הָאִ֤ישׁ הַלָּזֶה֙ |
mi-ha’ish hallazeh |
Who_the-man the-that |
Who is that man? |
מִֽי־כָמֹ֤כָה בָּֽאֵלִם֙ יְהוָ֔ה |
mi-khamokhah ba’elim yehwah |
Who_like-you among-the-gods Йагве |
Who is like you, Йагве, among the gods? |
לְמִי־אַ֙תָּה֙ |
lemi-„attoh |
To-whom_you |
To whom do you belong? |
מִי־יְשִׂמֵ֥נִי שֹׁפֵ֖ט בָּאָ֑רֶץ |
mi-yesimeni shofet ba’arets |
Who_will-put-me judge in-the-land |
I wish that I were made judge in the land! |
מִ֚י יַשְׁקֵ֣נִי מַ֔יִם |
mi yashqeni mayim |
Who will-give-me water |
If only someone would give me water! |
מִ֥י יָק֖וּם יַֽעֲקֹ֑ב |
mi yaqum ya’aqov |
Who he-will-raise Jacob |
How will Jacob survive? |
מָה¶
This is the standard impersonal interrogative particle and can be translated as «what?». This particle can also function as either an interrogative pronoun when used at the beginning of a verbal clause, or an indefinite pronoun («whatever») when used in the middle of a clause or sentence.
מַה־פִּשְׁעִי֙ |
mah-ppish’iy |
What_my-iniquity |
What is my iniquity? |
מָ֥ה אַתֶּ֖ם עֹשִֽׂים |
mah „attem „osim |
What you are-doing |
What are you doing? |
בַּמָּ֥ה אֵדַ֖ע |
bammah „eda“ |
By-the-what will-I-know |
How will I know? |
כַּמָּ֕ה יְמֵ֖י שְׁנֵ֥י חַיֶּֽיךָ |
kammah yeme shene hayyeykha |
Like-what days-of years-of your-life |
How long have you lived? |
עַד־מָ֣ה יְ֭הוָה תֶּאֱנַ֣ף לָנֶ֑צַח |
„ad-mah yehwah te’enaf lanetsah |
Until_what Йагве will-you-be-angry forever |
How long, Йагве? Will you stay angry forever? |
עַל־מָ֗ה הִכִּ֙יתָ֙ אֶת־אֲתֹ֣נְךָ֔ |
„al-mah hikkitha „eth-„athonekha |
On_what did-you-strike [dir.obj]_your-donkey |
Why have you struck your donkey? |
וּמַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק |
wumah-nnitstaddaq |
and-what we-will-justify-ourselves |
or how can we justify ourselves? |
מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑י |
mah-tits’aq „ela |
what_you-cry-out to-me |
why are you continuing to call out to me? |
איך and איכה¶
These are particles of manner and can be translated as «how?», «why?», or even «how!».
אֵ֗יךְ נָשִׁ֥יר |
„ekh nashir |
How will-we-sing |
How could we sing? |
אֵ֗יךְ נָשִׁ֥יר |
„ekh nashir |
How can-we-sing |
How could we sing? |
אֵ֚יךְ אַתֶּ֣ם נֽוֹעָצִ֔ים |
„ekh „attem no’atsim |
How you advise |
How do you advise me |
אי and איה¶
These are particles of place and can be translated as «where?» or «where is?».
אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל |
„e hevel |
Where Abel |
Where is Abel? |
אַיֵּ֖ה שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתֶּ֑ךָ |
„ayyeh sarah „ishtekha |
Where Sarah your-wife |
Where is Sarah your wife? |
אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ |
„ayyeh ha’anashim „asher-ba’u „eleykha |
Where the-men that_came-in to-you |
Where are the men that came in to you? |
מָתַי¶
This is a particle of time and can be translated as «when?». It is often used with the preposition עַד in the compound particle עַד־מָתַי which literally means «until when?» but is usually translated «how long?».
מָתַ֣י אָ֭קוּם |
mathay „aqum |
When will-I-get-up |
How long will it be until I get up? |
עַד־מָתַ֣י אֱ֭לֹהִים יְחָ֣רֶף צָ֑ר |
„ad-mathay „elohim yeharef tsar |
How_long God will-throw-insults enemy |
God, how long will our enemies make fun of you? |
לָמָ֪ה and לָֽמָּה¶
These are particles of cause and literally mean «for what?», but they are usually translated as «why?».
לָ֚מָּה חָ֣רָה לָ֔ךְ וְלָ֖מָּה נָפְל֥וּ פָנֶֽיךָ |
lommah harah lakh welammah noflu faneykha |
For-what you-angry to-you and-for-what has-fallen your-face |
Why are you angry and why are you scowling? |
|
lamah shekhahtani lammah-qoder „elekh belahats „oyev |
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Other interrogative particles¶
מַדּ֖וּעַ (why?)¶
מַדּ֖וּעַ אֲדֹנִ֣י בֹכֶ֑ה |
maddua“ „adoni vokheh |
Why my-master is-weeping |
Sir, why are you crying? |
עַד־אָן (how long?)¶
עַד־אָ֥ן תְּמַלֶּל־אֵ֑לֶּה |
„ad-„an temallel-„elleh |
How_long will-you-say_these-things |
How much longer will you talk like this? |
אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה (from where?)¶
לַֽאֲנָשִׁ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א יָדַ֔עְתִּי אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה הֵֽמָּה׃ |
la’anashim „asher lo yada’ti „e mizzeh hemmah |
to-men who not I-know where from this they. |
to men who come from I do not know where? |