Stem Hithpael

Висновок

The Hithpael stem is related to the Piel stem formation, and it generally expresses the reflexive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem.

Визначення

The Hithpael stem is formed from the Piel stem by adding the reflexive prefix (הִתְ) and changing the vowel under the 1st radical. Like the Piel and Pual stems, it usually has a daghesh in the 2nd radical of the verb. Generally speaking, the Hithpael stem expresses the reflexive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem. However, the Hithpael stem is quite flexible in its use and can express other kinds of verbal action, depending on the context and the specific verb.

Примітка

It is recommended to always check a dictionary or lexicon for the meaning of a specific verb, because this stem may express many different kinds of action in different contexts.

Форма

Paradigm

Hithpael Perfect Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина третя особа	הִתְקַטֵּל	hithqattal	he killed himself
жіночий однина третя особа	הִתְקַטְּלָה	hithqattelah	she killed herself
чоловічий однина друга особа	הִתְקַטַּלְתָּ	hithqattalta	you killed yourself
жіночий однина друга особа	הִתְקַטַּלְתְּ	hithqattalt	you killed yourself
common однина перша особа	הִתְקַטַּלְתִּי	hithqattalti	I killed myself
common множина третя особа	הִתְקַטְּלוּ	hithqattelu	they killed themselves
чоловічий множина друга особа	הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם	hithqattaltem	you killed yourselves
жіночий множина друга особа	הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן	hithqattalten	you killed yourselves
common множина перша особа	הִתְקַטַּלְנוּ	hithqattalnu	we killed ourselves

Hithpael Imperfect Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина третя особа	יִתְקַטֵּל	yithqattel	he will kill himself
жіночий однина третя особа	תִּתְקַטֵּל	tithqattel	she will kill herself
чоловічий однина друга особа	תִּתְקַטֵּל	tithqattel	you will kill yourself
жіночий однина друга особа	תִּתְקַטְּלִי	tithqatteli	you will kill yourself
common однина перша особа	אֶתְקַטֵּל	„ethqattel	I will kill myself
чоловічий множина третя особа	יִתְקַטְּלוּ	yithqattelu	they will kill themselves
жіночий множина третя особа	תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה	tithqattelnah	they will kill themselves
чоловічий множина друга особа	תִּתְקַטְּלוּ	tithqattelu	you will kill yourselves
жіночий множина друга особа	תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה	tithqattelnah	you will kill yourselves
common множина перша особа	נִתְקַטֵּל	nithqattel	we will kill ourselves

Hithpael Sequential Perfect Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина третя особа	וְהִתְקַטֵּל	wehithqattel	(and) he will kill himself
жіночий однина третя особа	וְהִתְקַטְּלָה	wehithqattelah	(and) she will kill herself
чоловічий однина друга особа	וְהִתְקַטַּלְתָּ	wehithqattalta	(and) you will kill yourself
жіночий однина друга особа	וְהִתְקַטַּלְתְּ	wehithqattalt	(and) you will kill yourself
common однина перша особа	וְהִתְקַטַּלְתִּי	wehithqattalti	(and) I will kill myself
common множина третя особа	וְהִתְקַטְּלוּ	wehithqattelu	(and) they will kill themselves
чоловічий множина друга особа	וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם	wehithqattaltem	(and) you will kill yourselves
жіночий множина друга особа	וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן	wehithqattalten	(and) you will kill yourselves
common множина перша особа	וְהִתְקַטַּלְנוּ	wehithqattalnu	(and) we will kill ourselves

Hithpael Sequential Imperfect Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина третя особа	וַיְּתְקַטֵּל	wayyithqattel	(and) he killed himself
жіночий однина третя особа	וַתִּתְקַטֵּל	wattithqattel	(and) she killed herself
чоловічий однина друга особа	וַתִּתְקַטֵּל	wattithqattel	(and) you killed yourself
жіночий однина друга особа	וַתִּתְקַטְּלִי	wattithqatteli	(and) you killed yourself
common однина перша особа	וָאֶתְקַטֵּל	wa’ethqattel	(and) I killed myself
чоловічий множина третя особа	וַיְּתְקַטְּלוּ	wayyithqattelu	(and) they killed themselves
жіночий множина третя особа	וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה	wattithqattelnah	(and) they killed themselves
чоловічий множина друга особа	וַתִּתְקַטְּלוּ	wattithqattelu	(and) you killed yourselves
жіночий множина друга особа	וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה	wattithqattelnah	(and) you killed yourselves
common множина перша особа	וַנְּתְקַטֵּל	wannithqattel	(and) we killed ourselves

Hithpael Infinitive Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
Infinitive Construct	הִתְקַטֵּל	hitqattel	kill oneself
Infinitive Absolute	הִתְקַטֵּל	hitqattel	kill oneself

Hithpael Imperative Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина	הִתְקַטֵּל	hitqattel	he must kill himself
жіночий однина	הִתְקַטְּלִי	hitqatteli	she must kill herself
чоловічий множина	הִתְקַטְּלוּ	hitqattelu	they must kill themselves
жіночий множина	הִתְקַטֵּלְנָה	hitqattelnah	they must kill themselves

Примітка

The Jussive form in the Hithpael stem is recognizable only for select verbs. Here the sample verb is גָּלָה (meaning «to uncover one’s own nakedness» in the Hithpael stem), where the 3rd radical (ה) has dropped out.

Hithpael Jussive Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина третя особа	יִתְגַּל		may he uncover his own nakedness
жіночий однина третя особа	תִּתְגַּל		may she uncover her own nakedness
чоловічий однина друга особа	תִּתְגַּל		may you uncover your own nakedness
жіночий однина друга особа	תִּתְגַּלִי		may you uncover your own nakedness
чоловічий множина третя особа	יִתְגַּלוּ		may they uncover their own nakedness
жіночий множина третя особа	תִּתְגַּלְנָה		may they uncover their own nakedness
чоловічий множина друга особа	תִּתְגַּלוּ		may you uncover your own nakedness
жіночий множина друга особа	תִּתְגַּלְנָה		may you uncover your own nakedness

Hithpael Cohortative Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
common однина	אֶתְקַטֵּלָה	„ethqattelah	let me kill myself
common множина	נִתְקַטֵּלָה	nithqattelah	let us kill ourselves

Hithpael Participle Paradigm

Синтаксичний аналіз	Іврит	Транслітерація	Переклад
чоловічий однина	מִתְקַטֵּל	mithqattel	killing oneself
жіночий однина	מִתְקַטֶּלֶת	mithqatteleth	killing oneself
чоловічий множина	מִתְקַטְּלִים	mithqattelim	killing oneself
жіночий множина	מִתְקַטְּלוֹת	mithqatteloth	killing oneself

Функція

The Hithpael stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:

Expresses the reflexive voice of the Piel stem

For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Hithpael stems in Biblical Hebrew, the Hithpael stem expresses the same kind of action as the Piel stem (simple, intensive, resultative, causative, etc.) but in reflexive voice. A good example is the verb יָדַע. In the Qal stem, the verb יָדַע means «to know» (simple action, active voice). But in the Piel stem, the verb יָדַע means «to make known» (causative action, active voice). Thus, in the Hithpael stem, the verb יָדַע means «to make oneself known» (causative action, reflexive voice).

Приклад: GEN 45:1

בְּהִתְוַדַּ֥ע יוֹסֵ֖ף אֶל־אֶחָֽיו

behithwadda“ yosef „el-„ehayw

when-making-himself-known Joseph to_his-brothers

when Joseph made himself known to his brothers

Приклад: ISA 8:9 –– direct reflexive action, meaning that the verbal subject is also the direct object of the verb

הִתְאַזְּר֣וּ וָחֹ֔תּוּ

hith’azzeru wahottu

gird-yourselves and-be-dismayed

arm yourselves and be broken in pieces

Приклад: 1SA 18:4 –– indirect reflexive action, meaning that the verbal subject is also the indirect object of the verb

וַיִּתְפַּשֵּׁט יְהוֹנָתָן אֶת־הַמְּעִיל

wayyithpashet yehonathan „eth-hamme’il

And-he-stripped-off Jonathan [dir.obj]_the-robe

Jonathan took off the robe

Expresses simple reflexive action

The Hithpael stem can be used to express simple reflexive action in two ways. First, the Hithpael stem can express a simple action in reflexive voice. In these cases, usually the Hithpael stem functions as the reflexive voice of the Qal (or perhaps Niphal) stem rather than the Piel stem. This is the case with the verb אָבַל («to mourn»), as shown in the example below. Secondly, the Hithpael stem can also express simple action of a verb that is reflexive by its very nature. In these rare cases, usually the verb appears only in the Hithpael stem in Biblical Hebrew. This is the case with the verb אָפַק («to constrain oneself»), as shown in the example below.

Приклад: GEN 37:34 –– expressing simple action «to mourn» (in reflexive voice, meaning to mourn physically via bodily actions)

וַיִּתְאַבֵּ֥ל עַל־בְּנ֖וֹ יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים

wayyith’abbel „al-beno yamim rabbim

And-he-mourned over_his-son days many

He mourned for his son many days.

Приклад: ISA 45:1 –– expressing simple action «to constrain oneself»

וְלֹֽא־יָכֹ֨ל יוֹסֵ֜ף לְהִתְאַפֵּ֗ק

welo-yakhol yosef lehith’appeq

And-not_he-was-able Joseph to-restrain-himself

Then Joseph could not control himself

Expresses various other kinds of verbal action

Sometimes the Hithpael form functions in ways that do not follow the strictly the reflexive conventions of the Hithpael stem as listed above. Some verbs use the Hithpael stem to describe reciprocal voice, middle voice, passive voice, as well as stative or other kinds of verbal action. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these instances of the Hithpael stem.

Приклад: GEN 42:1 –– expressing reciprocal action

לָ֫מָּה תִּתְרָאוּ׃

lammah tithra’u

Why you-look-at-each-other

Why do you look at one another?

Приклад: PRO 31:30 –– expressing passive (or possibly stative) action

הִיא הִתְהַלָּל׃

hi hithhallal

she is-praised.

she will be praised.

Приклад: Gen 3:8 –– the Hithpael form of the verb הָלַךְ expresses reciprocating action (meaning, going back and forth)

וַֽיִּשְׁמְע֞וּ אֶת־ק֨וֹל יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים מִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ בַּגָּ֖ן

wayyishme’u „eth-qol yehwah „elohim mithhallekh baggan

And-they-heard [dir.obj]_sound-of Йагве God going-back-and-forth in-the-garden

They heard the sound of Йагве God walking in the garden

Приклад: DEU 1:37 –– the Hithpael form of the verb אָנַף («to be angry») is always used in reference to Йагве

גַּם־בִּי֙ הִתְאַנַּ֣ף יְהוָ֔ה בִּגְלַלְכֶ֖ם

gam-biy hith’annaf yehwah biglalkhem

Also_with-me he-was-angry Йагве on-your-account

Also Йагве was angry with me because of you